After being kept waiting nearly one week for an appointment, German Bishop Franz-Peter Tebartz-van Elst was able to meet with Pope Francis today at Vatican to explain his lavish use of church funds.
The Bishop of Limburg - now known as the Bishop of Bling --- has spent some $42 million to renovate his official residence and is accused of falsifying expense reports.
The pope, who has used the Throne of St. Peter to preach for a "poor" church and has set the example by rejecting the opulence available to his position, released no statement following the meeting.
Pope Francis had been briefed last week by the head of the German Bishop's conference. German press reports say the Vatican has asked Archbishop Robert Zollitsch to file an official report on the affair, speculating that the fate of Bishop Tebartz van Elst may only be decided after it is filed.
The bishop of Limburg admits using church funds to restore his residence but has defended his actions, saying the renovations of the church property involved 10 different buildings that had to be upgraded according to historical preservation laws. But the scandal has caused a great uproar in Germany, where a mandatory church tax for members brings in billions of dollars the German Catholic Church each year.
Christian Weisner, of the lay organization We Are the Church, said the bishop's actions seriously damaged the reputation of the church.
"This is really a very, very http://www.remodeling.hw.net/ sad story. After the sexual abuse scandal discovered three years ago this is a second bombshell. The whole Catholic Church has lost its credibility," Weisner said.
The German newspaper, Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung, reported that Tebartz-van Elst was unlikely to give up his job voluntarily over the criticism. He attended last week's scheduled French-German Bishops meeting at the Vatican and met with the head of the Congregation of Bishops, Cardinal Marc Ouellet. Ouellet's position makes him one of the most influential members of the church hierarchy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-bH7dZ-o2Y in dealing with personnel issues. Previously known to have given "complete confidence" in the young bishop, the German paper described their latest meeting as "less merciful."
The Frankfurt weekly also reported that the pope's astonished response when told by Archbishop Zolltisch that the final costs of the renovations may hit $55 million. "Excuse me?" he is reported to have exclaimed.
Three years ago, Tebartz-van Elst started construction for a new residence next to the cathedral. The initial estimate was around $7.5 million. But as he added details like a $20,000 bathtub and marble floors the price tag quickly rose.
Tebartz-van Elst is also under investigation for lying about first class travel to India last year for church meetings. In signed affidavits he insisted that it was in business class after being confronted by the media. German prosecutors have indicted him for perjury.
Germany is the home to Martin Luther who famously tacked his list of reforms to the door of the church centuries ago to demand changes before leading a breakaway movement from the Vatican. The church leaders both in Germany and in the Vatican will hav e taken note that angry German faithful protesting in front the bishop's home this past week have tacked their own list of complaint to the door of their cathedral as well.
A plant that looks like a specimen straight out of the https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsaVuq0ULck 1986 film "Little Shop of Horrors" is bringing delight to visitors at the U.S. Botanic Garden today as it begins to bloom and release its famed rotten stench.
For weeks, tourists have been flocking to the U.S. Botanical Garden to take selfies with the giant plant, but today is the first time visitors will get a whiff of the corpse flower.
A corpse flower started to bloom, Aug. 2, 2016, in Washington.
The Amorphoplallus titanium, or corpse flower, can grow up to 12 feet tall, and once its petals unfurl, the flower releases a scent that's been described as "rotten http://ambler.temple.edu/arboretum/gardens meat with hints of garlic" and a "steaming dumpster."
While the odor might repulse most humans, the smell actually attracts bugs, which then serve as pollinators for the plant.
Special conditions are required for the corpse flower to bloom and visitors to have the rare olfactory experience. The plant favors the kind of hot and humid conditions found in its native Sumatra, Indonesia, and can take up to 10 years for its first bloom. After that, the plant blooms every three to four years.
The corpse flower blooming at the U.S. Botanic Garden has more than doubled in size during the past few weeks alone. On July 18, the plant was 34 inches but by Aug. 1, the stylus of the plant had reached 88 inches.
A home with a garden of drought-tolerant plants is seen in Beverly Hills, April 8, 2015. California's cities and towns would be required to cut their water usage by up to 35 percent or face steep fines under Sprinkler System proposed new rules released Tuesday, the...more
Reuters /
Wednesday, April 08, 2015
A home with a garden of drought-tolerant plants is seen in Beverly Sprinkler System Hills, April 8, 2015. California's cities and towns would be required to cut their water usage by up to 35 percent or face steep fines under proposed new rules released Tuesday, the state's first-ever mandatory cutbacks in http://photos.hgtv.com/photos/landscaping- urban water use amid ongoing drought.
Gardening is an enjoyable hobby that can keep you fit, tap into your creative skills, is a rewarding experience and can even make you money by adding value to your property. Attractive gardens can add 20% to the value of a property according to the Estate Agent Society.
You don't have to be a Garden Designer to create an attractive garden. What you need to know are a few basics and some gardening advice such as;
oWhich garden plants will suit your garden conditions?
oWhich plant will grow in your soil?
oWhich plants will grow in full s un, partial shade and full shade?
oWhen are the plants in flower or looking their best?
oHow to look after them?
Planning and designing a garden with seasonal colour, texture and interest is the fun creative part and you can pay a lot of money to garden designers for their expert advice. However, finding out which plants will suit your garden are available in books and magazines and by searching the Internet. Some people could consider these to be quite time-consuming and laborious, but it can also be fun researching your ideal plants.
Alternatively, if you https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfNmypOk45k have a computer, save time and effort by using an interactive garden plant finder and pruning guide CD-ROM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfNmypOk45k which selects from your choice of colour, month, season, aspect, soil type, height and plant name, then a simple click of the mouse displays the plants to suit your needs.
Only choose plants that will suit your garden. If you have a small garden, select those plants that won't out-grow your limited space. If you want a low maintenance garden select plants that don't need a lot of pruning or feeding. There are about 73,000 plants to choose from so there is no end to the fun you can have creating the garden design of your dreams.
It's quite a good idea to start your design by selecting plants to give your garden some structure. Shrubs are good plants for this and come in a multitude of colours, shapes and sizes. Check the height and spread of the shrubs before planting so that you don't position them too close together.
Climbers will add height and colour to your garden. You http://www.pbsgreenthumb.com/ can select climbers that will flower early in the season and then select others to flower later in the year and maybe select some to have attractive autumn foliage.
Annuals will grow and flower in the same year and provide almost instant colour whilst the plants in your borders have time to grow and mature. Annuals can be bought as seedlings or easily grown from seed.
Grasses provide texture and movement in a garden and most can be cut back to ground level the following spring.
Don't only choose a garden plant because it has an attractive flower. There are fabulous foliage plants to consider like ferns and hostas that love the shade areas of your garden and will reward you with luscious colour and texture.
A garden doesn't just have to look attractive in the summer months, it is also important to select plants for spring, summer, autumn and winter. You will be surprised at how many plants there are that have attractive flowers, berries and bark to liven up any cold grey winter days.
Pruning is important as it keeps the plants in shape and encourages hea lthy new growth. You will need pruning advice for each plant in your garden and a plant calendar list which reminds you when and how to prune them.
Propagation of your plants and growing from seeds are very rewarding and satisfying because not only are you creating new plants but you're also saving money.
Gardening will keep you fit. Any gardener will tell you that digging and weeding can provide you with a very good work-out.
A garden is a planned space, usua lly outdoors, set aside for the display, cultivation, and enjoyment of plants and other forms of nature. The garden can incorporate both natural and man-made materials. The most common form today is known as a residential garden, but the term garden has traditionally been a more general one. Zoos, which display wild animals in simulated natural habitats, were formerly called zoological gardens.[1][2] Western gardens are almost universally based on plants, with garden often signifying a shortened form of botanical garden.
Some traditional types of eastern gardens, such as Zen gardens, use plants sparsely or not at all. Xeriscape gardens use local native plants that do not require irrigation or extensive use of other resources while still providing the benefits of a garden environment. Gardens may exhibit structural enhancements, sometimes called follies, including water features such as fountains, ponds (with or without fish), waterfalls or creeks, dry creek beds, statuary, ar bors, trellises and more.
Some gardens are for ornamental purposes only, while some gardens also produce food crops, sometimes in separate areas, or sometimes intermixed with the ornamental plants. Food-producing gardens are distinguished from farms by their smaller scale, more labor-intensive methods, and their purpose (enjoyment of a hobby rather than produce for sale). Flower gardens combine plants of different heights, colors, textures, and fragrances to create interest and delight the senses.
Gardening is the activity of growing and maintaining the garden. This work is done by an amateur or professional gardener. A gardener might also work in a non-garden setting, such as a park, a roadside embankment, or other public space. Landscape architecture is a related professional activity with landscape architects tending to specialise in design for public and corporate clients.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 Garden design
3 Elements of a garden 4 Uses for the garden space
5 Types of gardens
6 Environmental impacts of gardens
7 Watering gardens
8 Wildlife in gardens
9 Climate change and gardens
10 In religion, art, and literature
11 Other similar spaces
12 See also
13 Notes
14 External links
Etymology
Nicosia municipal gardens, Cyprus
The etymology of the word gardening refers to enclosure: it is from Middle English gardin, from Anglo-French gardin, jardin, of Germanic origin; akin to Old High German gard, gart, an enclosure or compound, as in Stuttgart. See Grad (Slavic settlement) for more complete etymology.[3] The words yard, court, and Latin hortus (meaning "garden," hence horticulture and orchard), are cognates--all referring to an enclosed space.[4]
The term "garden" in British English refers to a small enclosed area of land, usually adjoining a building.[5] This would be referred to as a yard in American English.
Garden design
Main article: Garden design
Garden design is the creation of plans for the layout and planting of gardens and landscapes. Gardens may be designed by garden owners themselves, or by professionals. Professional garden designers tend to be trained in principles of design and horticulture, and have a knowledge and experience of using plants. Some professional garden designers are also landscape architects, a more formal level of training that usually requires an advanced degree and often a state license.
Elements of garden design include the layout of hard landscape, such as paths, rockeries, walls, water features, sitting areas and decking, as well as the plants themselves, with consideration for their horticultural requirements, their season-to-season appearance, lifespan, growth habit, size, speed of growth, and combinations with other plants and landscape features. Consideration is also given to the maintenance needs of the garden, including the time or funds available for regular maintenance, which can affect the choices of plants regarding speed of growth, spreading or self-seeding of the plants, whether annual or perennial, and bloom-time, and many other characteristics. Garden design can be roughly divided into two groups, formal and natu ralistic gardens.[6]
The most important consideration in any garden design is, how the garden will be used, followed closely by the desired stylistic genres, and the way the garden space will connect to the home or other structures in the surrounding areas. All of these considerations are subject Sprinkler System Mckinney to the limitations of the budget. Budget limitations can be addressed by a simpler garden style with fewer plants and less costly hardscape materials, seeds rather than sod for lawns, and plants that grow quickly; alternatively, garden owners may choose to create their garden over time, area by area.
Example of a garden attached to a place of worship: the cloister of the Abbey of Monreale, Sicily, Italy
The Sunken Garden of Butchart Gardens, Victoria, British Columbia
Gardens of Versailles (France)
The back garden of the Umaid Bhawan Palace in Jodhpur, India
Tropical garden in the Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore in Singapore
Flower-bed with the date in Lignano Sabbiadoro, Italy
Gardens at Colonial Williamsburg, Williamsburg, Virginia, feature many heirloom varieties of plants.
Sh itenn?-ji Honbo Garden in Osaka, Osaka prefecture, Japan - an example of a zen garden.
Elements of a garden
Garden at the centre of intersection in Shanghai.
Naturalistic design of a Chinese garden incorporated into the landscape, including a pavilion
Garden with Fountains, Villa d'Este, Italy.
Most gardens consist of a mix of natural and constructed elements, although even very 'natural' gardens are always an inherently artificial creation. Natural elements present in a gar den principally comprise flora (such as trees and weeds), fauna (such as arthropods and birds), soil, water, air and light. Constructed elements include paths, patios, decking, sculptures, drainage systems, lights and buildings (such as sheds, gazebos, pergolas and follies), but also living constructions such as flower beds, ponds and lawns.
Uses for the garden space
Partial view from the Botanical Garden of Curitiba (Southern Brazil): parterres, flowers, fountains, sculptures, greenhouses and tracks composes the place used for recreation and to study and protect the flora.
A garden can have aesthetic, functional, and recreational uses:
Cooperation with nature
Plant cultivation
Garden-based learning
Observation of nature
Bird- and insect-watching
Reflection on the changing seasons < br>Relaxation
Family dinners on the terrace
Children playing in the garden
Reading and relaxing in the hammock
Maintaining the flowerbeds
Pottering in the shed
Basking in warm sunshine
Escaping oppressive sunlight and heat
Growing useful produce
Flowers to cut and bring inside for indoor beauty
Fresh herbs and vegetables for cooking
Types of gardens
A typical Italian garden at Vil la Garzoni, near Pistoia
Checkered garden in Tours, France
Zen garden, Ry?an-ji
French formal garden in the Loire Valley
Bristol Zoo, England
Castelo Branco, Portugal
Hualien, Taiwan
The Italian gardens of El Escorial, Spain
An ornamental garden in the Auburn Botanical Gardens, Sydney, Australia
Gardens may feature a particular plant or plant type(s);
Back garden
Bog garden
Cactus garden
Color garden
Fernery
Flower garden
Front yard < br>Kitchen garden
Mary garden
Orangery
Orchard
Rose garden
Shade garden
Vineyard
Wildflower garden
Winter garden
Gardens may feature a particular style or aesthetic:
Bonsai
Chinese garden
Dutch garden
English landscape garden
Gardens of the French Renaissance
French formal garden
French landscape garden
Italian Renaissance garden
Japanese garden
Knot garden
Korean garden
Mughal garden
Natural landscaping
Persian garden
Roman gardens
Spanish garden
Terrarium
Trial garden
Tropical garden
Water garden
Wild garden
Xeriscaping
Zen garden
Types of garden:
Botanical garden
Butterfly garden
Butterfly zoo
Chinampa
Cold frame garden
Community garden
Container garden
Cottage garden
Cutting garden
F orest garden
Garden conservatory
Green wall
Greenhouse
Hanging garden
Hydroponic garden
Market garden
Rain garden
Raised bed gardening
Residential garden
Roof garden
Sacred garden
Sensory garden
Square foot garden
Vertical garden
Walled garden
Windowbox
Zoological garden
Environmental impacts of gardens
Gardeners may cause environmental damage by the way they garden, or they may enhance their local environment. Damage by gardeners can include direct destruction of natural habitats when houses and gardens are created; indirect habitat destruction and damage to provide garden materials such as peat, rock for rock gardens, and by the use of tapwater to irrigate gardens; the death of living beings in the garden itself, such as the killing not only of slugs and snails but also their predators such as hedgehogs and song thrushes by metaldehyde slug killer; t he death of living beings outside the garden, such as local species extinction by indiscriminate plant collectors; and climate change caused by greenhouse gases produced by gardening.
Watering gardens
Some gardeners manage their gardens without using any water from outside the garden, and therefore do not deprive wetland habitats of the water they need to survive. Examples in Britain include Ventnor Botanic Garden on the Isle of Wight, and parts of Beth Chatto's garden in Essex, Sticky Wicket garden in Dorset, and the Royal Horticultural Society's gardens at Harlow Carr and Hyde Hall. Rain gardens absorb rainfall falling onto nearby hard surfaces, rather than sending it into stormwater drains.[7] For irrigation, see rainwater, sprinkler system, drip irrigation, tap water, greywater, hand pump and watering can.
Wildlife in gardens
Chris Baines's classic book 'How to make a wildlife garden'[8] was first published in 1985, and is still a good source of advic e on how to create and manage a wildlife garden.
Climate change and gardens
Climate change will have many impacts on gardens, most of them negative, and these are detailed in 'Gardening in the Global Greenhouse' by Richard Bisgrove and Paul Hadley.[9] Gardens also contribute to climate change. Greenhouse gases can be produced by gardeners in many ways. The three main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. Gardeners produce carbon dioxide directly by overcultivating soil and destroying soil carbon, by burning garden 'waste' on bonfires, by using power tools which burn fossil fuel or use electricity generated by fossil fuels, and by using peat. Gardeners produce methane by compacting the soil and making it anaerobic, and by allowing their compost heaps to become compacted and anaerobic. Gardeners produce nitrous oxide by applying excess nitrogen fertiliser when plants are not actively growing so that the nitrogen in the fertiliser is converted b y soil bacteria to nitrous oxide. Gardeners can help to prevent climate change in many ways, including the use of trees, shrubs, ground cover plants and other perennial plants in their gardens, turning garden 'waste' into soil organic matter instead of burning it, keeping soil and compost heaps aerated, avoiding peat, switching from power tools to hand tools or changing their garden design so that power tools are not needed, and using nitrogen-fixing plants instead of nitrogen fertiliser.[10]
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera La finta giardiniera
Frances Hodgson Burnett's The Secret Garden
Elizabeth von Arnim's novels Elizabeth and Her German Garden and Solitary Summer
John Steinbeck's short-story The Chrysanthemums
John Berendt's novel Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil
In Daphne du Maurier's novel "Rebecca" the unnamed narrator discovers that her husband loves his house and garden at Manderley so much that he murdered his first wife, Rebecca, when she told him she was pregnant with somebody else's child and that the child would inherit Manderley.
Other similar spaces
Other outdoor spaces that are similar to gardens include:
A landscape is an outdoor space of a larger scale, natural or designed, usually unenclosed and considered from a distance.
A park is a planned outdoor space, usually enclosed ('imparked') and of a larger size. Public parks are for public use.
An arboretum is a planned outdoor space, usually large, for the display and study of trees.
A farm or orchard is for the production of food stuff.
A botanical garden is a type of garden where plants are grown both for scientific purposes and for the enjoyment and education of visitors.
A zoological garden, or zoo for short, is a place where wild animals are cared for and exhibited to the public.
A Kindergarten is a preschool educational institution for children and in the very sense of the word should have access or be part of a garden.
A Mnnergarten is a temporary day-care and activities space for men in German-speaking countries while their wives or girlfriends go shopping. Historically, the expression has also been used for gender-specific sections in lunatic asylums, monasteries and clinics.[11]
See also
Around the World in 80 Gardens
B?gh
Baug
Bottle garden
Climate-friendly gardening
Community gardening
Garden centre
Garden tourism
Gardener
Gardening
Heritage Gardens in Australia
History of gardening
Hortus conclusus
List of botanical gardens
List of companion plants
List of gardens
Museum of Garden History
National Public Gardens Day
Paradise, originally from an Iranian word meaning "enclosed," related to Garden of Eden
Verde Pulgar, a software application that assists with gardening
The Victory Garden TV series
Walled garden
Water garden
Notes
^ Garden history: philosophy and design, 2000 BC--2000 AD, Tom Turner. New York: Spon Press, 2005. ISBN 0-415-31748-7
^ The earth knows my name: food, culture, and sustainability in the gardens of ethnic Americans, Patricia Klindienst. Boston: Beacon Press, c2006. ISBN 0-8070-8562-6
^ "Etymology of the modern word gardin". Merriam Webster.
^ "Etymology of words referring to enclosures, probably from a Sanskrit stem. In German, for example, Stuttgart. The word is generic for compounds and walled cities, as in Stalingrad, and the Russian word for city, gorod. Gird and girdle are also related". Yourdictionary.com. Archived from the original on 2010-02-13.
^ The Compact Oxford Engl ish Dictionary
^ Chen, Gang (2010). Planting design illustrated (2nd ed.). Outskirts Press, Inc. p.3. ISBN978-1-4327-4197-6.
^ Dunnett and Clayden, Nigel and Andy (2007). Rain Gardens: Managing Water Sustainably in the Garden and Designed Landscape. Portland, Oregon, USA: Timber Press. ISBN978-0881928266.
^ Baines, Chris (2000). How to make a wildlife garden. London: Frances Lincoln. ISBN978-0711217119.
^ Bisgrove and Hadley, Richard and Paul (2002). Gardening in the Global Greenhouse: The impacts of climate change on gardens in the UK. Oxford: UK Climate Impacts Programme.
^ Ingram, Vince-Prue, and Gregory (editors), David S., Daphne, and Peter J. (2008). Science and the Garden: The scientific basis of horticultural practice. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN9781405160636.
^ See: Jakob Fischel, Prag's K. K. Irrenanstalt und ihr Wirken seit ihrem Entstehen bis incl. 1850. Erlangen: Enke, 1853, OCLC14844310 (German)
External links
Wikiquote has quotations related to: Garden
Media related to Garden at Wikimedia Commons
Media related to Gardens at Wikimedia Commons
Media related to Gardens by type at Wikimedia Commons
Media related to File:CIA_memorial_garden_with_stone.jpg at Wikimedia Commons
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica article garden.
Wikibooks' A Wikimanual of Gardening has more about this subject:
Irrigation sprinklers are sprinklers providing irrigation to agriculture, crops, vegetation, or for recreation, as a cooling system, or for the control of airborne dust, landscaping and golf courses. The sprinkler system irrigates the field and thus it is widely used in sandy areas as it checks the wastage of water through seepage and evaporation. Sprinkler irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to natural rainfall. Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping. It is then sprayed into the air through sprinklers so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground. The pump supply system, sprinklers and operating conditions must be designed to enable a uniform application of water.
Contents
1 Types
1.1 Industrial
1.2 Residential
1.3 Underground Sprinkler
1.4 Agricultural Science
2 Use
3 Health risks from aerosols
4 Gallery < br>5 See also
6 References
7 External links
Types
Industrial
Sprinklers that spray in a fixed pattern are generally called sprays or spray heads. Sprays are not usually designed to operate at pressures , due to misting problems that may develop.
Higher pressure sprinklers that themselves move in a circle are driven by a ball drive, gear drive, or impact mechanism (impact sprinklers). These can be designed to rotate in a full or partial circle.
Rainguns are similar to impact sprinkler, except that they generally operate at very high pressures of 40 to 130lbf/in (275 to 900 kPa) and flows of 50 to 1200 US gal/min (3 to 76 L/s), usually with nozzle diameters in the range of 0.5 to 1.9inches (10 to 50mm). In addition to irrigation, guns are used for industrial applications such as dust suppression and logging.
Many irrigation sprinklers are buried in the ground along with their supporting plumbing, although above ground and moving sprinklers are also common. Most irrigation sprinklers operate through electric and hydraulic technology and are grouped together in zones that can be collectively turned on and off by actuating a solenoid-controlled valve.
Residential
An oscillating sprinkler is commonly used to water residential lawns, and is moved as needed.
Home lawn sprinklers vary widely in their size, cost, and complexity. They include impact sprinklers, oscillating sprinklers, drip sprinklers, and underground sprinkler systems. Small sprinklers are available at home and garden stores or hardware stores for small costs. These are often attached to an outdoor water faucet and are placed only temporarily. Other systems may be professionally installed permanently in the ground and are attached permanently to a home's plumbing system. An ingenious domestic sprinkler made by Nomad called a 'set-and-forget tractor sprinkler' was used in Australia in the 1950s. Water pressure ensured that the sprinkler slowly moved across a lawn.[1]
Permanently installed systems may often operate on timers or other automated processes. They are occasionally installed with retractable heads for aesthetic and practical reasons (making damage during lawn mowing or other maintenance less likely). These often are programmed to operate on a schedule and irrigate a piece of land in zones.[2]
Underground Sprinkler
Underground sprinklers function through m eans of basic electronic and hydraulic technology. This valve and all of the sprinklers that will be activated by this valve are known as a zone. Upon activation, the solenoid, which sits on top of the valve is magnetized lifting a small stainless steel plunger in its center. By doing this, the activated (or raised) plunger allows air to escape from the top of a rubber diaphragm located in the center of the valve. Water that has been charged and waiting on the bottom of this same diaphragm now has the higher pressure and lifts the diaphragm. This pressurized water is then allowed to escape down stream of the valve through a series of pipes, usually made of PVC (higher pressure commercial systems) or polyethylene pipe (for typically lower pressure residential systems). At the end of these pipes and flush to ground level (typically) are pre measured and spaced out sprinklers. These sprinklers can be fixed spray heads that have a set pattern and generally spray between 1.5-2m (7-15ft.), full rotating sprinklers that can spray a broken stream of water from 6-12m (20-40ft.), or small drip emitters that release a slow, steady drip of water on more delicate plants such as flowers and shrubs. use of indigenous materials also recommended.[3]
The first use of sprinklers by farmers was some form of home and golf course type sprinklers. These ad hoc systems, while doing the job of the buried pipes and fixed sprinkler heads, interfered with cultivation and were expensive to maintain. In the 1950s a firm based in Portland, Oregon Stout-Wyss Irrigation System, developed the rolling pipe type irrigation system for farms that has become the most popular type for farmers irrigating large fields. With this system large wheels attached to the large pipes with sprinkler heads mo ve slowly across https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JzdF7T-Gf6A the field.[4]
Use
Most irrigation sprinklers are used as part of a sprinkler system, consisting of various plumbing parts, pump unit,[5] piping and control equipment. Outdoor sprinkler systems are sometimes used as a deterrent against homeless people. This sprinkler system was programmed to drench unsuspecting sleepers at random times during the night. Local businessmen soon copied this system in an effort to drive homeless people away from public sidewalks adjacent to their businesses.[6]
Health risks from aerosols
In 2014, it was reported that use of common garden hoses in combination with spray nozzles may generate aerosols containing droplets smaller than 10 ?m, which can be inhaled by nearby people. Water stagnating in a hose between uses, especially when warmed by the sun, can host the growth and interaction of Legionella and free-l iving amoebae (FLA) as biofilms on the inner surface of the hose. Clinical cases of Legionnaires' disease or Pontiac fever have been found to be associated with inhalation of garden hose aerosols containing Legionella bacteria. The report provides measured microbial densities resulting from controlled hose conditions in order to quantify the human health risks. The densities of Legionella spp. identified in two types of hoses were found to be similar to those reported during legionellosis outbreaks from other causes. It is proposed that the risk could be mitigated by draining hoses after use.[7]
Gallery
An underground sprinkler system about to be installed
Irrigation sprinkler watering crops.
Irrigation sprinkler
An oscillating sprinkler watering a lawn
A overhead sprinkler
Sprinkler for children
Play media
An irrigation sprinkler in action
Crop sprinklers near Rio Vista, California
See also
Drip irrigation
Irrigation
Sprinkler system timer
References
^ The Ride family's 'Nomad' brand tractor lawn sprinkler, National Museum of Australia
^ Davis, Mike (2006). City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles. London: Verso. p.233. ISBN978-1-84467-568-5.
^ Thomas, Jacqueline M.; Thomas, Torsten; Stuetz, Richard M.; Ashbolt, Nicholas J. (2014). "Your Garden Hose: A Potential Health Risk Due toLegionellaspp. Growth Facilitated by Free-Living Amoebae". Environmental Science & Technology. 48 (17): 10456-10464. doi:10.1021/es502652n. ISSN0013-936X.
External links
The dictionary definition of irrigation sprinkler at Wiktionary
Media related to Irrigation sprinkler at Wikimedia Commons
Media related to Garden at Wikimedia Commons
Media related to Gardens at Wikimedia Commons
Agriculture and agronomy portal
Gardening portal
Play media
The dictionary definition of irrigation sprinkler at Wiktionary
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